The details of this are highly dependent on the hardware, but your description is correct: for many years now it is normally the network interface card which discards the frames which don't match the MAC address. This is an improvement from the old days, where every frame would interrupt the CPU which had to do this task.
In practice, every NIC can also be put into "promiscuous mode", where it will accept every frame. How this is done depends on the hardware, and therefore the operating system. If you're writing a program to do this in the manner of Wireshark, you'll find much help with the pcap library, but it's possible on Linux with raw sockets directly in promiscuous mode. All this would be a subject for https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/pcap or https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/promiscuous-mode
Additionally, most NIC hardware will accept other frames: broadcasts, "magic packets" for waking the CPU etc, and discard those with bad frame check sequence. The details are specific to each kind of NIC, but as an example, here are the facilities of one of the simplest ethernet interface chips, Microchip's ENC28J60, which describes its filters as follows:
8.0 RECEIVE FILTERS
To minimize the processing requirements of the host
controller, the ENC28J60 incorporates several different
receive filters which can automatically reject packets
which are not needed. Six different types of packet
filters are implemented: Unicast,
Pattern Match,
Magic Packet,
Hash Table,
Multicast,
Broadcast.
(From datasheet.)
I'd have just called this rather generically the "receive filtering unit" or "receive filter process".