Show mac-address table
or show mac-address-table
will give you the interface (the given name, not the name you assign it) and MAC Addresses. Some switches/ios versions have a slight variation of the command. That's why I showed it two different ways. It will show multiple MAC addresses on the uplink port that connects to other switches.
EDIT-adding content**
The column title in the command is a destination address. It identifies the mac address that is on that port. The MAC table or CAM table only records source addresses. I'm not sure why it's labeled Destination Address. I know you don't want to know about the ARP command but this command and the ARP command together you can find devices on your switches.
Here is a quote from www.packet6.com...
"The CAM table, or content addressable memory table, is present in all Cisco Catalysts for layer 2 switching. It is used to record a stations mac address and it’s corresponding switch port location."
Example: Port 17 has a device plugged in with this mac address. If you were looking for a device you could ping it, look at the arp table to get the mac then use the mac command to find the port.
Destination Address Address Type VLAN Destination Port
------------------- ------------ ---- --------------------
0000.856b.a529 Dynamic 1 FastEthernet0/17