Questions tagged [layer2]
For questions about the OSI layer-2 (data-link layer).
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How Does A Layer 2 Switch Differentiate Between Different Networks?
I know that different IP-based networks can be connected to the same layer-2 switch. and I know each network's nodes can communicate just fine, however, no normal traffic can occur between two nodes ...
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Ethernet: How does receiver know end of frame? [duplicate]
I need to implement an 'ethernet-wannabe protocol' with a sender and a receiver.(only layers 1,2).
Assuming a sender\receiver model for an Ethernet frame with varying payload length.
As for the sender-...
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3
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Do telephone calls work at Layer2?
We know that Wi-Fi works in both layer1 and layer2 and travel through air in layer1.
My question is when we create mobile phone call during connection establishment phase sender Mac address and ...
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Why switch uses Mac address during implementation of spanning tree protocol (STP)?
We know that layer2 switch doesn't use Mac address ,uses only certain port number to accept the frame.
But I have been read on book as well as internet that uses Mac address to find spanning tree for ...
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How FDB (Filtering Database) is filled out
I would like to understand what is used as a VLAN column in the FDB. For ACCESS port it is PVID if frame untagged or frame VID if frame is tagged, for TRUNK it is allowed VLANs?
We can represent the ...
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Fragments taking different routes?
I have trouble understanding why sometimes it occurs that during IP fragmentation certain fragments take different routes. I was following this the second example:
https://www.gatevidyalay.com/ip-...
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Why need Ack flag if we already have ack number in TCP
If we have ack number so from there we can trace that how many bytes are received and which byte is need next so then what is the use of Ack flag there?
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How PPPoE uses addressing to know destination Mac address?
Case.1 We know that when router connected via point to point(PPP) protocol then ARP isn't used to know the destination Mac address.
Case.2 When two router connected via PPP as well as Ethernet which ...
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How n level come to know the n+1 level contents?
Suppose in application layer is running some application. And application has respective source port number and destination port number. And know that n layer has no authentication to know about n+1 ...
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Router could get packet of size more than 1500 bytes?
Suppose transport layer get the segment 4000 bytes from application layer at sender site. But we know maximum MTU in layer2(Ethernet) is 1500 bytes.
My question is so fragmentation is happening at ...
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What is the differences between flow control and access control?
We first apply access control methods to get access to the channel link followed by the flow control methods to stop the receiver from overflowing.
Suppose we are using CSMA/CD in access control ...
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Understand router Ip address and Mac address, Switch Mac address
Scenario:1
Suppose external Router R1 has interface a connected with interface b of the site Router R2. And Router R1 using IP address 80.0.0.0/8 for a. Router R2 has 4 subnets 80.0.0.0/10, 80.64.0....
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How NAT router use layer4 contents in layer3?
I followed from this question and @PeterGreen's Answer , and come to know that NAT router working in layer3, but using layer4 contents(layer4 port number,layer4 checksum). My question is when layer3 ...
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Acknowledgement, retransmission of layer2 is actually belongs to layer4?
I followed from this question understand that only transport layer responsible for acknowledgement. But I have read on book stop and wait, GBN, SR protocols uses acknowledgement, retransmission in ...
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What is responsibility of different layers of OSI model and intermediate devices between sender and receiver when data packets are lost/corrupted?
Suppose sender sending some data to receiver and there are 3 routers between them. R1, R2, R3 are routers.
Now sender starts sending data packet D through it's AL, TL, N/W L, DLL,PL to router R1 ...
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EtherType multiplexing used by LLC layer
What's the type of multiplexing used by Ethernet (LLC layer)?
It says in Wikipedia "The LLC sublayer provides multiplexing mechanisms that make it possible for several network protocols (e.g. IP, ...
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LLC layer: what's the multiplexing principle? [duplicate]
I wonder what is concretly the multiplexing principle done by the LLC layer.
Can you please explain the principle with practicle example ?
Many thanks for your help
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Ethernet compatibility
I am improving my knowledge about the Ethernet protocol. During my study, I noticed that they are multiple versions of the protocol. Example: 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T and 100BASE-TX.
I wonder depending ...
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Why collision domain occurs in hubs but not switches [duplicate]
if anyone knows the actual point and in depth answer to my question please help. the links in the comments didn't helped at all
Most of the websites which i saw are just vaguely saying that collision ...
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Best way to configure layer 2 daisy chain with 2 layer 3 switches/gateways at either end?
I would like to implement a linear daisy chain for the purpose of transmitting internet over a considerable distance.
One motivation behind the use of a linear daisy chain for this problem is that ...
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Total delay of virtual circuit switching? [closed]
We know that virtual circuit switching(VCS) has both features of circuit switching and datagram switching. It uses connection oriented path but may or may not dedicated that means resources may or may ...
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Why or when do we need Layer 2 NAT? [closed]
What is the point of public addresses in Layer 2? Why or when do we need it? When is it healthy to use? Or is it even a common thing?
Sorry I am kinda new at networking and I just googled it but ...
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Does the length of a frame influence the likelihood of a collision?
Considering two separate analog signals on the same frequency transmitting digital data that represents a frame, from my understanding if any portion of the two signals overlap, this is a collision.
...
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Logs on my Cisco ASA show the public gateway (ISP router) is pinging the internal network, how? [closed]
Im (remotely) working with an issue where the network has intermittent drops. i suspect possible routing loop, but havent confirmed that yet.
In the logs of our Cisco ASA 5506, i see that the public ...
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Does a router work both on Layer 2 and Layer 3? [duplicate]
According to TCP/IP model router works at Layer 3. But when data has to be transmitted to different network it is based on IP address but hop-to-hop transmission is based on MAC address.
That means ...
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Passing Modbus TCP/IP nodes (connected in multiple VLANS, same network) via Toffino firewall
I have been assigned to check the security aspect of the below network shown in image.
When i asked question on security of individual modbus device, I was told to create individual vlans for each ...
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answers
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Why the two connected routers via PPP doesn't use ARP but ethernet use ARP?
I have read from @Ron Maupin's answer of this question that your two routers are connected via PPP (this is not uncommon), ARP will not be used , but if the two routers are connected via ethernet, ...
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Is there a ping equivalent on layer 2?
You can use ping to measure RTT between you and an IP host and thereby confirm connectivity. Is there an equivalent that can be used on L2/Ethernet with MAC addresses?
i.e. l2ping AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
(I ...
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How is P actually chosen in P-persistent CSMA?
I am struggling to understand how the probability value P is chosen for P-persistent CSMA for any particular station, what's the logic behind this.I have read from Wikipedia .
P-persistent
This ...
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Does creating frames done by device drivers?
If I got it right, TCP and IP packets are created normally by software running in the
kernel. So when I as a user open up a socket of type TCP/IP and send a message, the kernel takes care of all those ...
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Avoiding FPCs rebooting during RE switchover on Juniper EX8200 Switche
We have Juniper EX8208 chassis based switch running in a production environment. The switch has 2 REs running in active and standby role with RE0 being the primary routing engine. The device is ...
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IGMP in multiple switches with multiple Senders and Receivers in same VLAN
I am trying to send multicast traffic from 3 Senders to corresponding Receivers in same VLAN (100) spread across 3 switches.
I setup a Querier in one of the switch, but it doesn't seem to forward ...
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What layer 2 encryption can I run over a leased line with the underlay (MP-BGP with MPLS on top if it)?
My company has its branch sites connected to HQ using Ubiquiti airFiber24 HD.
The company wants to acquire a leased line fiber connection to branch sites.
We want to run our own encryption on top of ...
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Does a router have multiple DLLs inside?
I came across a practice question of true/false answer type . The statement is:
"A router has single network layer that will interact with 2 Data link layers" .
Ans:True
(no explanation ...
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No internet access on VLAN
I'm trying to setup VLAN on my TL-SG3210 (3.0).
I created simple VLAN:
vlan 10
name "vlan10"
Then, I assigned port 2 & 3 to VLAN.
I also created interface:
interface vlan 10
ip ...
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What are non-learning and learning VLANs?
I was going through some IEEE standards for switches (IEEE 802.1aq and IEEE 802.1Qca), and came upon a terminology of learning and non-learning VLANs.
I read that learning VLANs are used in Shortest ...
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How do layer-2 devices (bridges/switches) join a multicast MAC address?
I was going through the IEEE 802.1Q (2018) standard on my own. The standard speaks about group addresses, and how these group addresses are learned by transit bridges, which is all fine.
But how do ...
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Do layer 2 protocols allow hosts to communicate without being on a network?
Please go easy on me as I'm just a noob in the networking space.
As far as I have learnt, layer 2 protocols use MAC addresses for communication, which doesn't really depend on what network you're in ...
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How is it possible that CSMA/CA works in areas with a lot of users within a small radius (e.g. rallies, concerts, etc.)?
My understanding of CSMA/CA is that devices listen until a Wi-Fi channel is idle before sending packets. If a collision still happens, then the devices waits a random interval before attempting to ...
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Is there a layer 2 protocol that can be used to send arbitrary data?
I would like to design several devices that receive simple commands from a single controller device all residing on the same layer 2 switch. Is there a protocol that allows me to do this without ...
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Is it possible to have a local area network with only layer 1 and not layer 2 of the OSI model?
I know the OSI model has seven layers. Can you consider a LAN to exist without layer 2 and just layer 1? The answers that I saw on Quora were not clear. Some of the answers on Quora came close to ...
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100BaseTX Ethernet Idle code ("/I/") 4B/5B origin
While searching how the PHY LINK status is determined, I stumbled across this answer :
In 100BaseTX Ethernet, link pulses aren't used, but instead, link
status is detected and maintained via the ...
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Proxy-ARP when the destination device is connected to the same layer-2 switch, but belongs to a different subnet
I have recently learned about Proxy-ARP and am slightly confused about what would happen in the following scenario. Let's say I have two host devices A (IP: 10.0.0.10/24) and B (IP: 10.0.1.10/24) that ...
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Routing switches at core and distribution
My employer has your standard 3 layer architecture, however they want both core and distribution routing and switching.
This is so that some networks are routed, and some use only layer 2 between ...
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Tagging a Vlan across routers
I'm usually against tagging a VLAN across a router, as to not incur issues with spanning tree.
My company is asking the following
PLC --Vlan72-- SwitchA --RouterA---CoreRouter---RouterB---...
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Why does PPP need an underlying protocol?
The Point-to-Point Protocol is (at least according to Wikipedia) a Datalink Layer Protocol.
I know that different use cases exist for it but on examining the image below from Wikipedia one can see ...
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How does Network Layer behave when client received a unicast DHCP offer?
I went through various stack exchange post to understand the concept of DHCP offer when it comes as a unicast to client from the DHCP server.
A server can send a unicast DHCP offer since it knows the ...
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Capturing LACP PDUs in an aggregated link on Juniper MX
We need to capture LACP PDUs on a member link of an aggregated bundle link on Juniper MX connected with other router via DWDM link and save the output in .pcap format using write-file knob.
Can ...
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How do I know the switch is layer 2 or layer 3?
Is it possible to find the switch is Layer3 or Layer2 in (Switch)CLI? Is there any command to check whether the switch Layer(Layer 3 or 2) in CLI?
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Transporting an Ethernet Port in a LDP Based VPLS Instance on Juniper MX routers
We are currently transporting an Ethernet Port using LDP Based Layer 2 VPN service (P2P PW) in Juniper MX.This P2P LDP PW is up and currently working. Below is the configuration against this:-
set ...
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