The issue you're facing likely relates to the Cisco switch not properly handling VLAN 0 traffic, crucial for Profinet real-time communication. Even though you've configured the switch to allow VLAN 0 using both voice VLAN and trunk port methods, it's possible the switch is still dropping these frames.
First, verify that the voice VLAN configuration is correctly applied, ensuring the switch isn't filtering out VLAN 0 traffic. For the trunk port, make sure it's set up to pass all necessary VLANs, particularly ensuring the native VLAN is configured correctly and that VLAN 0 priority traffic isn't being dropped.
Next, consider the SCALANCE X108 switch. Since it's unmanaged, confirm that it's not altering or dropping VLAN 0 traffic, which could affect connectivity when passing through to the Cisco switch.
Using Cisco's debugging tools like debug ip packet or debug ethernet might help identify if VLAN 0 frames are being dropped or mishandled. If the issue persists, you could set up a dedicated VLANVLAN for Profinet traffic, ensuring all switches, including the SCALANCE, handle this VLAN consistently. If needed, consider using industrial-grade switches that natively support Profinet or contact Cisco support for further assistance.