Ethernet has been using optical fiber for decades. The first standard was 10 Mbit/s 10BASE-FOIRL in 1987, the currently fastest PHYs run 400 Gbit/s, added in 2017. Fiber has become common in datacenters due to the frequency and reach limitations of copper cables.
Depending on your requirements, you're probably looking for one of these:
- 1000BASE-SX: 1 Gbit/s over up to 550 m of OM2 multi-mode fiber
- 1000BASE-LX: 1 Gbit/s over up to 10 km of single-mode fiber
- 10GBASE-SR: 10 Gbit/s over up to 400 m of OM4 MMF
- 10GBASE-LR: 10 Gbit/s over up to 10 km of SMF
The required optical transceivers are usually SFP(+) modules plugged into your network hardware. External media converters are also available.
For a complete list of physical layer variants you can check WP.