Ethernet has been using optical fiber for decades. The first standard was 10 Mbit/s FOIRL in 1987, the currently fastest PHYs run 400 Gbit/s, added in 2017. Fiber has become common in datacenters due to the frequency and reach limitations of copper cables - currently and probably permanently limited to 40 Gbit/s over only 30 m of twisted pair or just 10 Gbit/s over the full 100 m.
Depending on your requirements, you're probably looking for one of these:
- 1000BASE-SX: 1 Gbit/s over up to 550 m of OM2 multi-mode fiber
- 1000BASE-LX: 1 Gbit/s over up to 10 km of single-mode fiber
- 10GBASE-SR: 10 Gbit/s over up to 400 m of OM4 MMF
- 10GBASE-LR: 10 Gbit/s over up to 10 km of SMF
There are many other PHY standards for various data rates and distances, also many common non-standards for even longer distance. The required optical transceivers are usually SFP (1G) or SFP+ modules (10G) plugged into your network hardware. External media converters for devices without SFP slot are also available.
For a complete list of physical layer variants you can check WP.