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Like I specify in the title, I want to know that one fiber can be used to transmit and receive signals. Whether it can or not, why?

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Normally, you would use a separate fibre for transmit and receive, so two fibres for bi-directional transmission. You can purchase BiDi transceivers, which allow you to use a single fibre for both transit and receive. These transceivers use Wave Division Multiplexing and modulate the transmit and receive onto different wavelengths so that they do not interfere which each-other. An example of this would be Cisco SFP-10G-BXD-I or SFP-10G-BXU-I transceivers, which both allow for 10GBASE over a single strand of fibre.

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  • To clarify - at speeds beyond 10G Bidi does multiplex send and receive onto a given strand but requires two strands (i.e each carries half of transmit and half of receive).
    – rnxrx
    Commented Nov 27, 2016 at 23:11
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A Passive Optical Network (PON) is used by a lot of Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Internet Service Providers (ISP) to provide network access over a single fiber to multiple end points (homes).

Here is a link to the Wikipedia Page on PON's.

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Can one fiber be used to transmit and receive signals?

Yes, one fiber can be used to transmit and receive signals. Have you heard of the WDM technology? This technology can multiplexe a number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. There are two common types of the WDM technology—CWDM and DWDM.

Let's take CWDM as an example, a typical 8-channel CWDM system offers 8 times the amount of bandwidth that can be achieved using a SONET/SDH system, for a given transmission line speed and using the same optical fibers. For more, please have a look at this blog.

For you own network, you can use the CWDM/DWDM optical transceivers, or BiDi transceiver.

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I believe what you are looking for is a single connecting point for both transmit and receive optical signal. If yes then you may want to look up MPO cables.

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  • I'm pretty sure the OP was asking about a single fiber strand, not a single connector.
    – Zac67 ♦
    Commented Sep 21, 2020 at 20:50
  • Even single OFC cable can ensure full duplex for both tranmit and receiving signal.
    – Sagar Uragonda
    Commented Sep 22, 2020 at 11:22

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